Demand Curve

  • Normal good: When we have more income, we choose to buy more of the good.
  • Inferior good: When we have more income, we choose to buy less of the good.

Combination of Demand Curves

Qtotald=Q1d+Q2d Q^d_{total}=Q^d_{1}+Q^d_2

Supply Curve

  • Horizontally: How many suppliers are willing and able to sell at a certain price.
  • Vertically: The minimum price for which suppliers are willing to sell a certain quantity.

Combination of Supply Curves

Qtotals=Q1s+Q2s Q^s_{total}=Q^s_{1}+Q^s_2

计算

Equilibrium: Supply Curve 与 Demand Curve 的交点

Economic Surplus

这个 Surplus 可以这样理解:如果我预期 100100 元买下,而我实际只花了 6060,那么其实我会觉得我赚了 10060=40100-60=40

而在 Equilibrium 的情况下,交易价为 Equi Price,在 Demand Curve 上不同预期价(Price,纵坐标)有对应的人数(Quantity,横坐标,实际上应该是 ΔQ\Delta Q),因此对于这个预期价而言,他们获得的“赚了”感是 P×ΔQP\times \Delta Q

因此在下图的公式里,所有的 Surplus 是一个三角形

Total Economic Surplus=Consumer Surplus+Producer Surplus \text{Total Economic Surplus}=\text{Consumer Surplus}+\text{Producer Surplus}

如果 Economic Surplus <0\lt 0 那么交易就不会发生

红色部分就是 Total Economic Surplus
红色部分就是 Total Economic Surplus
分别计算 Consumer 和 Producer 的 Surplus
分别计算 Consumer 和 Producer 的 Surplus