A drawer contains red socks and black socks. When two socks are drawn at random, the probability that both are red is 21.
How small can the number of socks in the drawer be?
How small if the number of black socks is even?
Solution
我的做法是硬列等式,计算 Δ=p2……有点复杂,感觉官方题解的答案更好
假设红袜子有 r 只,黑袜子有 b 只,则根据题意有
(2r+b)(2r)=21
把组合拆开,写成两个分式的积:
r+br×r+b−1r−1=21
根据糖水不等式,有
r+b−1r−1<r+br<11
而因为他们的积为 21,所以必然一个比 21 大,另一个比之小
r+b−1r−1<21<r+br
先考虑 r+br>21,可以化简成
r>(2+1)b
同理,不等式的另一边可以化简成
r<(2+1)b+1
所以有
(2+1)b+1>r>(2+1)b
对于第一问,当 b=1 时,r=3,此时原式为 21,故最小袜子数量为 4.
对于第二问,我们只需要考虑 b 为偶数的情况,枚举几个,发现 b=6,r=15 符合条件,故此时最小为 21.
2. Successive Wins
To encourage Elmer’s promising tennis career, his father offers him a prize if he wins (at least) two tennis sets in a row in a three-set series to be played with his father and the club champion alternately: father-champion-father or champion-father-champion, according to Elmer’s choice. The champion is a better player than Elmer’s father. Which series should Elmer choose?
Solution
令 Elmer 对 champion 的胜率为 c,对 father 的胜率为 f,根据题意我们知道 c<f.
A threo-man jury has two members each of whom independently has probability p of making the correct decision and a third member who flips a coin for each decision (majority rules). A one-man jury has probability p of making the correct decision. Which jury has the better probability of making the correct decision?
On the average, how many times must a die be thrown until one gets a 6?
Solution
当前序列为空,那么下一步有 p=61 的概率 roll 到 6,1−p 的概率 roll 不到 6. 所以第 i 步 roll 到 6 的概率是 (1−p)i−1p,故期望步数为
E=i=1∑∞i⋅(1−p)i−1p=p1=6
5. Coin in Square
In a common carnival game a player tosses a penny from a distance of about 5 feet onto the surface of a table ruled in 1-inch squares. If the penny (3/4 inch in diameter) falls entirely inside a square, the player receives 5 cents but does not get his penny back; otherwise he loses his penny. If the penny lands on the table, what is his chance to win?
Chuck-a-Luck is a gambling game often played at carnivals and gambling houses. A player may bet on anyone of the numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6. Three dice are rolled. If the player’s number appears on one, two, or three of the dice, he receives respectively one, two, or three times his original stake plus his own money back; otherwise he loses his stake. What is the player’s expected loss per unit stake? (Actually the player may distribute stakes on several numbers, but each such stake can be regarded as a separate bet.)
The rules are these. Only totals for the two dice count. The player throws
the dice and wins at once if the total for the first throw is 7 or II, loses at
once if it is 2, 3, or 12. Any other throw is called his "point. "* If the first
throw is a point, the player throws the dice repeatedly until he either wins
by throwing his point again or loses by throwing 7. What is the player’s
chance to win?